Phalacrocoracidae: Cormorants and Shags
Wild Bird Feeders ... Wild Bird Food / Seed ... Binoculars ... Humming Bird Feeders / Feed ... Bird Houses / Bird Nests ... Woodworking Instructions to Build Bird Houses ... Recommended Books
The Phalacrocoracidae family of birds is represented by 38 species of cormorants and shags. Several different classifications of the family have been proposed recently, but in the one most commonly used, all but three species are placed in a single genus Phalacrocorax, the exceptions being the Galapagos' Flightless Cormorant, the Kerguelen Shag and the Imperial Shag.
Names
There is no consistent distinction between cormorants and shags. The names "cormorant" and "shag" were originally the common names of the two species of the family found in Great Britain, Phalacrocorax carbo (now referred to by ornithologists as the Great Cormorant) and P. aristotelis (the Common Shag). "Shag" refers to the bird's crest, which the British forms of the Great Cormorant lack. As other species were discovered by English-speaking sailors and explorers elsewhere in the world, some were called cormorants and some shags, depending on whether they had crests or not. Sometimes the same species is called a cormorant in one part of the world and a shag in another, e.g. the Great Cormorant is called the Black Shag in New Zealand (the birds found in Australasia have a crest that is absent in European members of the species). Some modern classifications of the family have divided it into two genera and have tried to attach the name "Cormorant" to one and "Shag" to the other, but this flies in the face of common usage and has not been widely adopted.
The scientific genus name is latinized Ancient Greek, from phalakros (bald) and korax (raven). "Cormorant" is a contraction derived from Latin corvus marinus, "sea raven". Indeed, "sea raven" or analogous terms were the usual terms for cormorants in Germanic languages until after the Middle Ages, and the erroneous belief that these birds were related to ravens lasted at least to the 16th century:
"...le bec semblable à celuy d'un cormaran, ou autre corbeau." (...the beak similar to that of a cormorant or other corvids."; Thevet, 1558).
Characteristics
Cormorants and shags are medium-to-large seabirds. The majority, including all Northern Hemisphere species, have mainly dark plumage, but some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white, and a few (e.g. the Spotted Shag of New Zealand) are quite colourful. Many species have areas of coloured skin on the face (the lores and the gular skin) which can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow, typically becoming more brightly coloured in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet are four-toed and webbed, a distinguishing feature among the Pelecaniformes order.
They are coastal rather than oceanic birds, and some have colonised inland waters. They range around the world, except for the central Pacific islands.
All are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water. Under water they propel themselves with their feet. Some cormorant species have been found, using depth gauges, to dive to depths of as much as 45 metres.
After fishing, cormorants go ashore, and are frequently seen holding their wings out in the sun; it is assumed that this is to dry them. Unusually for a water bird, their feathers are not waterproofed. This may help them dive quickly, since their feathers do not retain air bubbles.
Cormorants are colonial nesters, using trees, rocky islets, or cliffs. The eggs are a chalky-blue colour. There is usually one brood a year. The young are fed through regurgitation. They typically have deep, ungainly bills which make it obvious that they are related to pelicans.
Species
- Genus Phalacrocorax
- Brandt's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
- Double-crested Cormorant or White-crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus
- Great Cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo
- Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
- Olivaceous Cormorant or Mexican Cormorant, Phalacrocorax olivaceus
- Pelagic Cormorant or Baird's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
- Red-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax urile
- Guanay Cormorant , Phalacrocorax bougainvillii (off Peru, guano collected from nesting colonies of this bird is used to produce internationally traded commercial fertilizer)
- Little Black Cormorant, Phalacrocorax sulcirostris
- Indian Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis
- Cape Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capensis
- Socotran Cormorant, Phalacrocorax nigrogularis
- Wahlberg's Cormorant or Bank Cormorant, Phalacrocorax neglectus
- Temminck's Cormorant, Phalacrocorax capillatus
- Common Shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis
- Rock Shag, Phalacrocorax magellanicus
- Long-tailed Cormorant, Phalacrocorax africanus
- White-breasted Cormorant, Phalacrocorax lucidus
- Crowned Cormorant, Phalacrocorax coronatus
- Little Cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger
- Pygmy Cormorant, Phalacrocorax pygmaeus
- Pitt Cormorant or Featherstone's Shag Phalacrocorax featherstoni
- Pied Cormorant or Yellow-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax varius
- King Shag, Phalacrocorax carunculatus
- Black-faced Cormorant, Phalacrocorax fuscescens
- Spectacled Cormorant, Phalacrocorax perspicillatus (extinct)
- Red-footed Shag, Phalacrocorax gaimardi
- Spotted Shag Phalacrocorax punctatus
- White-bellied Shag, Phalacrocorax albiventer
- Little Pied Cormorant, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
- Stewart Island Shag, Phalacrocorax chalconotus
- Chatham Shag, Phalacrocorax onslowi
- Auckland Shag, Phalacrocorax colensoi
- Campbell Shag, Phalacrocorax campbelli
- Bounty Shag, Phalacrocorax ranfurlyi
- Flightless Cormorant, Phalacrocorax harrisi (previously Nannopterum harrisi) (confined to the Galapagos Islands where, through evolution, its wings have shrunk to the size of a penguin's flippers)
- Genus Leucocarbo
- Imperial Shag (Blue eyed Shag), Leucocarbo atriceps (Previously Antarctic, South Georgian, Heard, Crozet, and Macquarie Shags, Phalacrocorax bransfieldensis, georgianus, nivalis, melanogenis, and purpurascens.)
- Kerguelen Shag, Leucocarbo verrocosus (Previously P. verrocosus.)
The King Shag of New Zealand has a number of races previously considered as full species.
Cormorants' fishing
Humans have historically exploited cormorants' fishing skills, in China, Japan, and Macedonia, where they have been trained by fishermen. In Japan, traditional cormorant fishing can be seen in Gifu City, in Gifu Prefecture, where it has continued uninterrupted for 1300 years, or in the city of Inuyama, in Aichi Prefecture. In Guilin, China, cormorant birds are famous for fishing on the shallow Lijiang River. A snare is tied near the base of the bird's throat, a snare that allows the bird only to swallow small fish. When the bird captures and tries to swallow a large fish, the fish gets stuck in the bird's throat. When the bird returns to the fisherman's raft, the fisherman helps the bird to remove the fish from its throat. The method is not as common today, since more efficient methods of catching fish have been developed.
Copyright: Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia.org
Relevant Web Resources:
- Double-crested Cormorant: Double-crested Cormorant (Virtual Bird Field Guide) ... USGS ... Double-Crested Cormorant
- Great Cormorant: Great Cormorant (Virtual Bird Field Guide) ... USGS
- Neotropic Cormorant: Neotropic Cormorant (Virtual Bird Field Guide) ... USGS
- Pelagic Cormorant: Pelagic Cormorant (Virtual Bird Field Guide) ... USGS
- Pygmy Cormorant: Pygmy Cormorant (Smallest species of the family)
- Red-faced Cormorant: Red-faced Cormorant (Virtual Bird Field Guide) ... USGS
- Neotropic Cormorant: Patuxent Wildlife Research Center ... eNature.com ... Monterey Bay ... Southwestern Birders ... USGS ... Birds of the Upper Texas Coast - Neotropic Cormorant ... Birds in Nature - images of wild birds by Richard Ditch ... Virtual Bird Field Guide - Neotropic Cormorant Phalacrocorax ... Photo: Birds of Oklahoma
If you would like to add to or correct any of the above information, or would like to share with web visitors your own experiences, please e-mail the webmaster.
Photo contributions are welcome!
