Prolapsed Cloaca
by Terry Martin, BVSc - Australia
Bird Health Care
There are a number of potential causes for this condition and a
number of possible solutions depending on the cause.
Egg binding can be a cause, and remember egg binding is not simply the physical presence of an egg, it is the deficiency of calcium in the blood and tissues. Therefore it may occur any time before, during or immediately after egg laying. Even when adequate Calcium is available, it may still occur because the amount of calcium required for egg shell production is greater than the amount of Calcium a bird can eat in a 24hr period. This is why the breeding hen must be in perfect condition for breeding, this ensures she has adequate calcium stored in her bones prior to breeding, readily available at an instance notice.
Because egg binding is really hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium)
all muscles of the body become weak and contract poorly. The uterus
cannot contract enough to deliver the egg, the cloacal sphincter
muscles may be too weak to hold close and the general body muscles
may not be burning energy to keep the bird warm - hence they go
into shock. Therefore any bird with a cloacal prolapse should be
kept warm and given calcium in some form to hopefully increase cloacal
muscle tone. I favour crop dosing with liquid calcium as well as
in water calcium sources in these cases. Of course cuttlefish never
goes astray.
Cloacal prolapse is also contributed to by uterine or cloacal infection that makes the area irritated and causes straining, resulting in
expulsion of the cloaca. Therefore it is standard to give these
birds antibiotics in case of infection. If a prolapse is exposed
to the air for any length of time, infection is almost certain to
develop, and with time the tissue dries out which causes further
irritation and more straining -end result bigger prolapse.
Lubricating and gently replacing the prolapsed tissue is important, but be careful what you use. Water soluble lubricants designed for
people are good. Sometimes mild antiseptics are indicated, but be
careful not to cause further tissue damage.
In many cases, the prolapse will not resolve and treatment becomes
Veterinary in nature with surgery the only option. A purse string
suture may be placed around the vent under general anesthesia to
keep things inside. But this also often fails. If the bird is a
pet, the best option is desexing to remove the swollen uterus and
if necessary a procedure called cloacapexy to stitch the cloaca
back inside the body. These procedures are quite successful but
obviously prevent the bird from further breeding. I have never performed
these procedures on birds smaller than a Cockatiel, obviously the
stress and length of surgery have to be considered when dealing
with a finch.
If the tissue looks healthy, that is important, if it looks dried
and dying, things are probably too late. Mineral oil is not a good
idea, either in this situation or in egg binding. It is part of
the common misconception that egg binding, or straining equals constipation.
There is no physical obstruction in either case, so mineral oil
will only cause diarrhea at best. At worse it can cause
a GI tract upset that can make the bird even more unwell. I have
always been amazed at the number of people who think oral oil will
lubricate the reproductive tract. (not a personal criticism of you,
but an observation of aviculturists writing bird books).
If an egg is in the lower reproductive tract or cloaca for any length
of time, the uterus and cloaca can dry out and require lubrication,
but it must be applied in a retrograde fashion up the cloaca. When
I was referring to human water soluble lubricants, I was not meaning
for hemorrhoids, but for reproduction - that is K-Y jelly or similar,
not oil based lubricants ;)
Hemorrhoids is a different problem totally to what the bird is suffering. In
the human case there are badly swollen blood vessels that need to
be constricted - hence the phenylephrine in it. In the case of the
bird, there may be some small vascular swelling that could benefit
from constriction, however the risk is the bird may absorb large
quantities of the phenylephrine and this could have a systemic effect
(whole bird).
So no, I would not normally recommend this type of ointment.
The calcium solution I use is called Calcium Sandoz. I would give a
Zebra 0.1ml orally with a crop needle if it was eggbound or prolapsed.
I might repeat this if I felt it was necessary, sometimes 3-4 times
daily. I often also use it in water at the rate of 10ml/liter. It
needs to be made fresh at least daily. It has the added benefit
of being high in sugars, making it palatable and being useful for
a bird in shock/stress, however it will grow bacteria in the water
supply so this must be considered.
I would normally always use antibiotics in these cases, as I explained
infection is sometimes the causative factor. However pet shop type
antibiotics should never be used in any situation as they have little
effect on pathogens (disease causing bacteria). This is the reason
why they are available without prescription - they are useless.
The choice of antibiotic and dose rate is obviously the decision
of the Veterinarian treating the case.
For the aviculturists faced with a prolapsed cloaca, you must stop short of the antibiotics, relying only on the calcium, cloacal replacement and supportive treatment. If this does not work, then it is a Veterinary matter, or else humane euthanasia.
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